According to the Paris Climate Deal, We've Still Got Options

“[Each Party][All Parties] [recognizing the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities] [shall][should][other] regularly [formulate] [prepare], [communicate] [submit], [maintain] [update] and [shall][should][other] [implement] [fulfil] [intended][nationally determined mitigation [commitments][contributions][actions]] [nationally determined mitigation commitments and/or contributions] [a nationally determined contribution with a mitigation component],” the beginning of one sentence read.

A first pruning got the tome down to 48 pages. High-level talks headed by French negotiators this week cut out nearly 20 more.

So, what’s changed? In short, some decisions have been made about what, exactly, all of these parties are agreeing to: which emissions will be cut, how, and by whom; how sustainable alternatives will be developed, where; and of course, who will pay for it all.

Much of the bulk in previous drafts has come from the long lists of wording options written into the text. They were marked by hundreds of sets of brackets (h/t Slate), and negotiators were haggling over them all.

#chclimate speaker: new, longer post-Bonn Paris negotiation text has 1300 square brackets. Says heart optimistic, head not.

— Simon Maxwell (@SimonMaxwell001) October 26, 2015

Getting the whole world to agree on anything is a challenge, so you may have guessed there are still some brackets left. For example, parties have yet to settle how to state the main purpose of the agreement, although it’s well understood that reducing carbon emissions and controlling global warming are key. There’s also an ambition for the agreement to be legally binding for all parties — which would be a big step from previous treaties — and to secure commitments for how its goals will be funded.

Here’s a look at some of the most fraught options still on the table.

How hot is too hot?

You may have heard of the 2-degree Celsius ceiling. That’s the average rise above pre-industrial global temperatures scientists think we can tolerate without serious climate catastrophes.

There are currently three options on the table for how the agreement will phrase this critical pledge.
“…hold increase in the global average temperature to

Option 1: below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels,

Option 2: well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels [and to [rapidly] scale up global efforts to limit temperature increase to below 1.5 °C] [,while recognizing that in some regions and vulnerable ecosystems high risks are projected even for warming above 1.5 °C],

Option 3: below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, taking into account the best available science, equity, sustainable development, the need to ensure food security and the availability of means of implementation, by ensuring deep reductions in global greenhouse gas [net] emissions;”

Sounds like a tricky choice. Countries vulnerable to rising seas and extreme drought understandably want the 1.5-degree limit. But respecting the 2-degree ceiling will already be a huge challenge. Staying under 1.5 would require economies around the world to get rid of fossil fuels even more quickly.

Oh, and as of 2015, we’ve already hit 1 degree. So there’s not a lot of room either way.

What we talk about when we talk about emissions

Whether parties will put a number on overall emissions reductions, and what that number will be, is also still being discussed. Wednesday’s draft has the “collective long-term goal” down to two choices, sort of (note the brackets):

“Option 1: Parties collectively aim to reach the global temperature goal referred to in Article 2 through [a peaking of global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking requires deeper cuts of emissions of developed countries and will be longer for developing countries; rapid reductions thereafter to [40– 70 per cent][70–95 per cent] below 2010 levels by 2050; toward achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions [by the end][after the middle] of the century] informed by best available science, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.
Option 2: Parties collectively aim to reach the global temperature goal referred to in Article 2 through a longterm global low emissions [transformation toward [climate neutrality][decarbonization]] over the course of this century informed by best available science, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.”

It won’t be easy to get everyone making decisions “informed by best available science, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.” But putting that aside — Option 1 here adds the accountability of percentage targets, along with a possible mid-century deadline for cutting fossil fuel use. Option 2 would leave industries and nations twice as much time to cut back.

You break it, you buy it

Then there’s the financing. Who’s going to pay for all these new sustainability measures remains a key issue under negotiation, and developing countries believe developed nations should foot most of the bill. As AFP notes, “Coming into the Paris talks, developing countries were already assured of receiving $100 billion (91 billion euros) in climate finance per year from 2020, a pledge dating back to the fraught 2009 climate summit of Copenhagen. But all the details behind that headline figure were left to be worked out.”

Here are some of the financing options now in front of parties under Article 6:

On “Mobilization:”

“2. Option 1: All Parties shall take action to mobilize, and/or facilitate the mobilisation of, climate finance from a wide variety of sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including additional sources, as well as through facilitative policy frameworks, in line with their respective and evolving responsibilities and capabilities, with developed country Parties taking the lead, noting the significant role of public funds. [Some Parties may need support in order to take action.]

Option 2: Developed country Parties and other Parties included in Annex II to the Convention shall mobilize financial resources beyond their previous efforts, supporting country-driven strategies, and taking into account the needs and priorities of developing country Parties.

Option 3: As part of a shared effort, led by developed country Parties, Parties should cooperate to promote the mobilization of climate finance from a wide variety of sources, instruments and channels, including public, private, bilateral, multilateral, domestic, and international.”

And on the all-important question of “scale”: Is the annual $100 billion promised by developed countries a floor, or a ceiling?

“4. Option 1: The mobilization of climate finance [shall][should] be scaled up in a predictable and transparent manner [beyond previous efforts] [from USD 100 billion per year] from 2020[, recognizing the important role of the Green Climate Fund in the scaling up of financial resources for the implementation of this agreement, as well as other multilateral mechanisms and other efforts].

Option 2: The provision and mobilization of financial resources by developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall represent a progression beyond their previous efforts with clearly identified pathways to annual expected levels of available resources towards achieving short-term collective quantified goals for the post 2020 period to be periodically established and reviewed. Financial resources shall be scaled up from a floor of US$100 billion per year, including a clear burden-sharing formula, and in line with needs and priorities identified by developing country Parties in the context of contributing to the achievement of the purpose as defined in Article 2 of this Agreement. It shall take into account an equitable regional distribution of financial resources and a gender-sensitive approach, and include the implementation of Articles 5 and 6 of the Convention.

Option 3: As part of a shared mobilization effort Parties should, in accordance with paragraphs X-Y, enhance the scale and effectiveness of climate finance by: mobilizing climate finance from a wide variety of instruments and channels; provide, when in a position to do so, support to developing countries in need of support; appropriately prioritize support; improve enabling environments; integrate climate considerations into international development assistance; and reduce international support for high-emissions investments.”

All of these options could still be turned upside down if the parties beyond the “high-level” cabal don’t go for the trimmed-down version of the deal. It’s happened before: one group of negotiators presents a new, shorter draft to all parties, and those who don’t like the changes shove all their old demands back in.

“We saw [this] earlier this year at a previous climate meeting in Bonn when the co-chairs tried to come up with a shorter text and the response from parties was to re-insert all their favorite parts back into the text,” one observer told the BBC.

That, ladies and gentlemen, is how the pre-Paris, 54-page draft came to be.

The talks will wrap up Friday, and it’s hoped negotiators will ink a “close-to-final agreement” by Saturday. Meanwhile, Earth as we know it has never been hotter. The clock is ticking.

By Lizzy Tomei, GlobalPost
This article is syndicated from GlobalPost.